Where does the term "Black Peter" is
1 The French period
Monday, January 10, 2011
Helicobactor Pylori Shortness
After the cannonade of Valmy penetrated yet in 1792 troops of the French revolutionary army into the Rhineland in Custine one. The Middle room, Glantal and Mr. Steiner were Kriegsschauplätze space. occupied in the autumn of 1794 the French revolutionary troops be final, the left bank of the Reich and expelled the former rulers. For the supply of French soldiers have been recovered intolerable contributions. In this time of aufgelös-th order on top of that exaggerated Räuberbanden (Schinderhannes) making trouble. From 1797 featured the French authorities slowly restored order and gave the land that belonged to France now, a new administration. Even the Peace of Campo Formio of 17/10/1797 of Austria had agreed to France's claim on the left bank of the Rhine to Support. In the Peace of Luneville of 09/02/1801 was the völkerrechtlich mandatory assignment of all the country through the left bank of the kingdom of France. By a law of 3/9/1801 these areas have been declared to be an integral part of the French Republic. On 09/23/1802 The French constitution came into force. The division of the territory was in
Department 
Arrondissement Canton
Mairie . The local area came to the "Department de la Sarre" with the main town of Trier. This Department was divided into 4 arrondissements:
Trier Prum Saarbrücken
Birkenfeld. The district comprises 9 Birkenfeld Cantone: Meisenheim, Grumbach, Kusel, Baumholder, Birkenfeld, Wadern, Hermeskeil Rhaunen, and Mr. Stein. When the Prussian Field Marshal Blucher and his army of about Kaub Kreuznach glanaufwärts vorrückend, 7 January 1814 St. Wendel was reached, too, for the Birkenfeld country, "French period" is over.
was immediately set up a General Middle Rhine. But in the summer of 1814, the area was south of the Moselle zurückeroberte temporarily a "Bavarian-Austrian Land Administration Commission in Kreuznach, later in Worms, assumed. A year later came the part of the "Departement de la Sarre" north of a line Medard / Hermeskeil Oberstein district of Prussia, which received the largest part of the Rhineland. In 1816 he and the southern part of the department has been (to the border of the Bavarian Palatinate) awarded.
2 Vienna Convention
But Prussia had - according to Article 49 of the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna 09.06.1815 - Five German princes, together with areas of 69 000 "souls" resign. A distribution of an underdeveloped region in economic power between Hunsruck and the Palatinate should be made. The distribution related to the Duke of Saxe-Coburg, of Oldenburg, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg and the Count of Pappenheim. Mecklenburg and Pappenheim could be of Prussia to terms with money and domains. The other three were on their claim. Of the 69 000 25 000 should the Duke of Saxe-Coburg, 20 000 the Grand Duke of Oldenburg and 9000 the Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg be awarded.
A significant contemporary, Count of Armansperg, wrote in a Letter of 19.4.1815 from Vienna: 
.. Germany's freedom consists in the soul of trade, the left bank of the Rhine is the main market These poor people take me. " Saxe-Coburg and Oldenburg were hoping to have them, as provided in Article 50 of the Final Act, areas allocated for the connection to your own country. Saxe-Coburg was thinking of the county "Henneberg", Oldenburg, East Frisia. But the resistance were however not to overcome. Saxe-Coburg was now the land between Upper Nahe and Glan. On 09.11.1816 took Duke Ernst of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld possession of the "Principality of Lichtenberg. Capital and seat of government was St. Wendel. sold Duke Ernst of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld by Patent dated 08/15/1834, the Principality of Lichtenberg for 1.2 million dollars to Prussia. The east of the Saxony-Coburg area adjacent Oberamt Meisenheim was Hesse-Homburg manner and came to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866.
.. Germany's freedom consists in the soul of trade, the left bank of the Rhine is the main market These poor people take me. " Saxe-Coburg and Oldenburg were hoping to have them, as provided in Article 50 of the Final Act, areas allocated for the connection to your own country. Saxe-Coburg was thinking of the county "Henneberg", Oldenburg, East Frisia. But the resistance were however not to overcome. Saxe-Coburg was now the land between Upper Nahe and Glan. On 09.11.1816 took Duke Ernst of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld possession of the "Principality of Lichtenberg. Capital and seat of government was St. Wendel. sold Duke Ernst of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld by Patent dated 08/15/1834, the Principality of Lichtenberg for 1.2 million dollars to Prussia. The east of the Saxony-Coburg area adjacent Oberamt Meisenheim was Hesse-Homburg manner and came to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866. 3 ESTABLISHMENT of the Principality of Birkenfeld 
The northern adjoining land went to the southern Höhenzug Hunsruck in Oldenburg, it was now the "Principality of Birkenfeld. Herzog Peter Friedrich Ludwig of Oldenburg hesitated long before he entered on his 400 line kilometers distant new land ownership. By patent dated 16.04.1817 now the administration was carried out by Oldenburg. Capital and seat of government was Birkenfeld.
The northern adjoining land went to the southern Höhenzug Hunsruck in Oldenburg, it was now the "Principality of Birkenfeld. Herzog Peter Friedrich Ludwig of Oldenburg hesitated long before he entered on his 400 line kilometers distant new land ownership. By patent dated 16.04.1817 now the administration was carried out by Oldenburg. Capital and seat of government was Birkenfeld. 4 Development of the Principality of Birkenfeld
The Principality was composed of areas which before the French occupation of margraviate Baden (Rear county Sponheim), the wild and Rhine County, the Duchy of Pfalz-Zweibrücken, domination Oberstein Others had heard. It included 503 km 2
with 25 080 inhabitants in 1832. For the management it was in three lonely (Nohfelden, Birkenfeld, Oberstein) divided by total of 9 Bürgermeistereien. Most people lived on agriculture. But there was adventure in the Stumm'sche Eisenhütte (to 1875) and in the Idar Oberstein, and the agate industry. This came Based on the sheep farming and the cultivation of flax, wool and linen weavers. The main export items were livestock, wood and agate products. The economic situation of the population until well into the second half of the 19th Century printed right. Not even the Customs Treaty with Prussia (1830), others not much. The Duke ruled his country, nor on the principle of absolutism stowed: "All for the people, not by the people."
Oldenburg in the German Confederation was long one of the few countries without landesständische Constitution and without separation of powers. These people had in the Rhineland, which used by the French years of free institutions were hit particularly hard. But the paternal CARE MYTH of Prince went so far that he renounced such as persons income from the poor Birkenfeld, which until 1861 maintained substantially alleviated and the french tax system "droits reunis (indirect taxes) for the time being even abolished. Significantly for the princes it was that was not drained of its territory freedom of the press, not even after the sharp censorship 1819th So it was understandable that when it 1832 in Coburg Principality of Lichtenberg to rebellion came in Birkenfeld room remained quiet. The next Furst, Paul Friedrich August (1829 - 1853) called himself Grand Duke Sponheim and took the sign (red-silver geschacht) into his arms and emphasized by the unity of his three-divided country (Oldenburg, Eutin, Birkenfeld) and outside. The Furst ruled without a constitution as his father and sent Hannibal to Birkenfeld L. Fischer (1831 - 1848) as Regierungspräsident, who took the same position as his autocratic master. With the drafting of some anti-liberal writings (of the German people need and application; The Patrimonialstaat) he caused at the democratically minded people of his time violent offense. In Birkenfeld he went through his high-handed, harsh nature of all residents in ove unpopular. He contributed in those Notjahren the Menschenmögliche. A register was set up the basis for a more equitable distribution of property tax. Poorly-used communal land (common land) went over into the possession of the farmers who cultivated thoroughly. The Wiesenbau (loading and dehydration) was his hobby. He Kummert also to the improvement of livestock breeds. In 1833, he put on at his own expense the "Fisherman" at Niederbrombach to test improved methods of agriculture. He called for the planting of conifers. He pushed for the road, he built many Schulhäuser and gründete Ersparungskasse 1842, the current District Savings Bank.
Regierungspräsident Fischer had in the Revolution of 1848 Märzunruhen Birkenfeld flee. This year it was storm in cat music, and popular assemblies Bürgerwehren very excited. A large part of the castle, hauptsächlich Obersteiner demanded connection to Prussia, in spite of its higher taxes and more stringent his regiment. Another part of the population, mostly Birkenfelder wanted to stay in Oldenburg, but stressed that it was really only a personal union with the "mother country" connected. Also can the parliament that was elected in 1848 throughout the Grand Duchy to determine because of the Überzahl of members from the other two parts of the country not about Birkenfelder special interests. Four provincial assemblies in Oldenburg for their stance for the large German question aufgelöst by the government. In the reactionary parliament of 1852 was then no longer spoken by the Loslösung or special position Birkenfeld. The contribution of the Principality of Birkenfeld was charged to the common fixed at 7%. In the remaining cash separation was decided, which meant for the poorest of the three Birkenfeld as parts of the country a drückende load. The dream of the Selbstständigkeit Birkenfeld Oldenburg within the State Association was ausgeträumt. died in 1853 Grand Duke Paul Friedrich August. He was succeeded by his son, Nikolaus Friedrich Peter (1853-1900). Acceptance shall the same time by Councilor Finch (1853-1881) for the vacant post of Regierungspräsidenten since 1848. The issue of joining the Kingdom of Prussia, which the Birkenfeld Ländchen around since 1866 has been enclosed, from different starting rolled over again, eg 1866, 1917 and 1918, but the Beharrungsvermögen was strong. 1881 President of the Finch by Regierungspräsidenten Barnstedt abgelöst (1881-1901), who sharply attacked by the administration. After the accession of Grand Duke Friedrich August (1900-1918) was again a change in the presidency. Ahlhorn President (1901-1909) developed several bills that were used for obtaining of a larger Selbstständigkeit of the Principality and the Oldenburg Parliament adopted. His successor, Minister of State for excellence D. Willich (1909-1917) also entered for an extension of self-government. A year before the collapse of the German Empire died president Willich. Senior Government Pralle (1917-1919) followed him as a government board. Beginning of 1918 proposed the removal of the Grand Duke of the Principality of Prussia in exchange of territory. Before the negotiations ended consider writing, broke out the November revolution in Germany.
Grand Duke Friedrich August abandoned on 10 November 1918 the throne, the Principality of Birkenfeld was left as the province of a country part of the Free State of Oldenburg. came in August 1919 to a revolution, Birkenfeld tables Country 'and to form the Republic of Birkenfeld. This was eliminated by the result of an election by itself grouted "Birkenfeld Parliament after two months. In November 1919 the Parliament neugewählte übertrug later performed with the approval of the "International High Commission," the lawyer Walter Doerr Idar from the presidency of the province (1919-1937). 5 Rückkehr
to Prussia by the "Greater Hamburg Law" went from 01.26.1937 with effect from 1 April 1937 the "State of Birkenfeld" after 120 years of affiliation to the remote Oldenburg to the State of Prussia about enclosing it completely. He was awarded the "radical circle St. Wendel-Baumholder "to the new Prussian district of Birkenfeld in the administrative district of Koblenz joined the Rhine Province. The district administration office was Birkenfeld.
excerpt from the revised version of the presentation by Juergen Schmidt on the day of the open door on 06.10.2001 at surveying and land registry Birkenfeld
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